Post 1 Linear regression analysis
Post 2 Hypothesis testing of temperature trends
Post 3 Confidence intervals of temperature trends
Post 4 Statistical power of temperature trends
Post 5 Piecewise linear regression applied to temperature trends
The posts are gathered in this pdf document.
Start of post 2, Hypothesis testing of temperature trends:
The decision of whether a calculated temperature trend is statistically significant or not is based on hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis H0 is that the underlying long term trend is zero and that a calculated trend different from zero is caused by random noise on the measurements. The alternative hypothesis H1 is that the underlying long term trend is different from zero.
The t-value of the trend is its estimated slope [°C/year] divided with its 1-σ uncertainty [°C/year]. It is a dimensionless number. The t-value follows a Student's t-distribution when the noise on the temperature measurements is random. The probability density function (pdf) of the t-distribution is symmetrical and bell-shaped, as shown in Figure 2.1. The degrees of freedom of the t-distribution is the number of independent measurements minus two.
The absolute value of the t-value is a measure of the probability that the slope is different from zero. A t-value less than 1 tells that the uncertainty of the calculated slope is greater than the slope itself; then the true slope may very well be zero. If, however, the t-value is much greater than 1, the true slope is probably different from zero.
When we calculate a temperature trend different from zero, we do not know if it is caused by random noise on the measurements or by a long term trend different from zero. The calculated trend is statistically significant at the α significance level if the probability to calculate such an extreme trend is less than α, given that the null hypothesis is true. The term 'Such an extreme trend' means a trend that is as big as or even bigger than the calculated trend, positive or negative. This is illustrated in Figure 2.1, which shows the pdf of the t-value under the null hypothesis.
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| Figure 2.1: The Student's t-distribution with illustration of the significance level α equal to 0.05.The plot assumes that the null hypothesis H0 is true. |





